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Dairy Cream

Dairy Cream

Dairy cream comes from the fat content of cow’s milk which is pasteurised and homogenised. It comes in the following categories, which relate to the minimum fat content of the product.

Cooking cream for sauces, soups

Whipping cream has applications in general baking and decoration.

Thickened cream
Containing a thickener (vegetable gums, gelatine, alginates) for stability. Used for general baking, mousse and decoration.

Double cream
High-fat content cream that whips well and holds its shape. Ganache cream fillings, mousse cake and decoration

Cream Cheese (made from a combination of milk and cream)
The cream is formed by adding Lactic acid, which thickens the mixture. Baked and non-baked cheesecakes, as a filling for bread and bagels

Crème Fraiche
The cream is produced with a bacterial culture, resulting in a lightly sour taste: soups, accompaniment with scones and baked goods.

Sour Cream
The cream uses a bacterial culture containing Lactic Acid, which sours and thickens the cream: cheesecakes, muffin batters, and fillings.

Milk Fat Content
18% – 20%
35%
35% – 38%
43% – 45%
33% – 34%
28%
12% – 16%

Preparation for Whipping Cream

The cream needs chilling before whipping, as do the mixing bowl and whisk attachment. These actions will ensure the cream whips quickly and remain firm.

Note

Generally, the thickened dairy cream will suit most applications.

Storage

Dairy cream requires refrigeration at 4°C and has a shelf life of up to 180 days when packaged in aseptic cartons (meaning it is free from microorganisms). Once opened, it is best (safest) to use it within three days.

Must Know

Dairy cream is not suitable for freezing in its liquid form as the fats will separate upon thawing, making it unsuitable for use.

Non-Dairy Whipping Cream

Dairy-free whipping cream is an oil-in-water emulsion that can whip to a stable foam. The composition comprises vegetable oil (Palm Oil being most common), milk proteins, sugars, water, emulsifiers and stabilisers. The advantage of this type of cream is its stability when whipped. It also yields a lighter and greater volume when compared to dairy cream. Preparation is the same as for Dairy cream.

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Milk

Milk

By: RedmanShop | February 19, 2025

Fresh Milk

Liquid milk, full cream and skim are available for use in baking. All milk is Pasteurised (harmful bacteria destroyed by heat) and Homogenised (fat particles are made smaller by forcing the milk through a series of fine sieves) to increase shelf life, allows the milk to be frozen, thawed and used, kept refrigerated at 4°C.

Ultra-High-Temperature Milk UHT

The milk is heated to a temperature of 120°C and held for several seconds to destroy harmful bacteria. This milk does not require refrigeration until it is opened. Unopened, it has up to six months of shelf life. This type of milk has a slight caramel taste due to the longer heating process; the colour will also be darker than regular milk. Once opened, the shelf life is 5 days.

Milk Powders

The two types are Full Cream and Skimmed. Skimmed milk is best for baking as it has more lactose content than will assist in the browning of the crust. The reconstitution rate ranges between 10% to 15% of the liquid medium. Add up to 150g of milk powder to one litre of water. Commercial bread makers will use skimmed milk powder when making milk bread as it is more economical than liquid milk. Bakers milk powder is heated to denature the protein so it will not interfere with the gluten development when making bread.

Storage

Milk Powders are hygroscopic (attract moisture) and are best stored in airtight containers to prevent lumping.

Alternative Milk

Current trends have a range of new products targeted at the healthy alternative market. Oat, Almond, Soybean, Hazelnut, Cashew, Rice, and a range of plant-based milk find application in coffee shops and homes as an alternative to Cow’s milk. The author has limited experience with such products in baking but expects they will perform similarly to Cow’s milk when fat content and other component levels are equivalent.

Cheeses

For its flavour and colour in the grated or block form, Cheddar cheese adds colour in its grated form and finds applications across all bakery products – mozzarella as a topping on pizza. Cottage and Ricotta cheeses are also famous in bakery products as an accompaniment to fillings. Cottage cheese is used in a Spanakopita, a Greek cheese and spinach pie. In contrast, Ricotta cheese is used in the famous Italian baked cheesecake or as a traditional filling for Italian Cannoli.

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Cream scones vs. butter scones

Cream scones vs. butter scones

By: izzah zainal | February 19, 2025

Imagine wandering into the kitchen on a chilly weekend morning, craving your favorite cream scones. You’re ready to bake and excited for something warm and sweet. You pull out your go-to recipe, gather your flour and sugar, then open the fridge only to gasp audibly. There’s no heavy cream! Breathe. Your scone dreams aren’t crushed; you don’t need to abandon your beloved recipe. There’s a simple substitution that will allow you to make delightful, ultra-tender scones without cream.

Swap butter and milk for heavy cream in any basic scone recipe, so you can always bake these classic treats — no matter what kind of dairy is in your fridge.

Cream vs. butter and milk

If you’re a person who faithfully plans baking ahead and always has the necessary ingredients on hand, this substitution is still worth learning. Why? Because there are some key differences between cream scones and butter scones. The ability to convert from one to the other allows you to make a batch with the perfect texture and appearance.We’ll help you decide which kind of scone is just right for your occasion.

Cream scones 101

Using heavy cream as a base, cream scones can feel like a morning indulgence.

Texture: Ultra-tender and cake-like, they’re softer than butter-based scones.

Best for: Enjoying as is or with a cup of coffee or tea; can also be dressed up as shortcake and served alongside fruit. Cream scones’ delicate texture is also just right for highlighting flavors like cardamom, cinnamon, espresso powder, and more.

Reason to love them: They’re quick and easy to make and don’t require working the fat into the dry ingredients.

 

Butter scones 101

Classic and timeless, butter-based scones can be hearty and delightful.

Texture: Layered, usually with craggy, crisp edges and sometimes slightly dry (while still pleasant). Overall, butter scones are sturdier than cream scones.

Best for: Splitting and topping with jam, butter, or cream. They can hold up to heavy or large mix-ins like chocolate chunks, roughly chopped nuts, or large dried fruit.

Reason to love them: They only require ingredients you’re likely to have on hand so you can make them at a moment’s notice.

Bottom line

Cream scones or butter scones? With our easy substitution, you’ll be able to convert back and forth based on what you’re looking for (or what’s in your fridge at the moment).

The substitution ratio

Are you ready for the ultimate conversion? Replace 1 cup (227g) of heavy cream or whipping cream with 1/2 cup (113g) of butter and 1/2 cup (113g) of milk. If your recipe doesn’t call for a full cup of heavy cream, scale down the amount of butter and milk that’s used accordingly. This ratio also works if you’d like to go in the other direction: You can replace the butter and milk in your recipe with heavy cream, basically using the same approach. There are just a few key points about converting in each direction that you’ll want to note before diving in.

From cream to butter and milk

If you’re starting with a cream scone recipe and want to use butter and milk instead, start by mixing together the dry ingredients. Then cut cold butter into 1/2″ chunks and add it to the dry ingredients. Using your hands or a pastry blender, work the butter into the dry ingredients until the largest pieces of butter are slightly smaller than dime-sized. Add the milk to any of the other liquid ingredients called for in the recipe (like eggs or vanilla).

Finish the dough by gently folding the wet and dry ingredients together. (A dough scraper is a perfect tool for the job here.) If the dough looks powdery and dry, add additional milk by the tablespoon until it holds together. Working in the cold butter in this fashion will give you a layered, slightly flaky scone.

Or melt the butter

What if you want to recreate something close to those super-tender cream scones you had your heart set on? Simply heat the butter and the milk together until the butter melts, and add them both when your recipe calls for the cream.

Testing our Cream Tea Scones

We put the substitution ratio to the test by comparing our classic Cream Tea Scones (left) with a batch converted to butter and milk (right).

 

Side by side, you can see that the cream scones are more cakey and delicate. The butter scones look almost layered and rise just a bit higher, despite the unbaked scones being the same height when they went into the oven.

The flavor of the cream scones is just a bit richer than the butter scones. They don’t need any additional butter or garnishes before serving. The butter-based version, on the other hand, welcomes a pat of warm salted butter.

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Understanding the difference between baking soda and baking powder

Understanding the difference between baking soda and baking powder

By: izzah zainal | February 17, 2025

It’s hard to truly understand the importance of baking soda and baking powder — and the difference between the two — until the day you accidentally stumble and add one instead of the other, or forget to add one entirely. If you need visuals, just imagine sunken banana bread, squat scones, and deflated cupcakes. An eerie sight, am I right?

Sometimes it can be downright confusing how a mix-up in leavening agents makes or breaks a cake batter or cookie dough. And such ignorance is never bliss, especially when it results in frightening baked goods. So to avoid any baking mishaps, here’s a breakdown of the difference between baking soda and baking powder, what they contribute to baking, and suggestions for substitutions if you find yourself without one.

What is baking soda?

Let’s quickly return to high school chemistry class. Baking soda (or sodium bicarbonate) is a base compound with a pH level of 8. When it mixes with an acidic solution, it reacts to produce carbon dioxide — a.k.a. the gas required to get that desirable lift in baked treats.

As a result, baking soda needs an acidic partner to work its magic; this can be a wet ingredient like sour cream, buttermilk, yogurt, lemon juice, vinegar, maple syrup, or honey, but it could also be a dry ingredient like brown sugar or natural cocoa powder. (Dutch-process won’t contain enough acidity.) Once paired and mixed, baking soda instantly starts to react with that acid. Therefore, with recipes that lean on baking soda, it’s better to get batters and doughs in the oven straightaway so the reaction doesn’t die down before you even start baking.

Baking soda creates a less chewy and more tender, airy texture in baked goods. It’s no wonder it’s called for in quick bread recipes to provide shape and soft crumb without having to rise for a long time like traditional yeasted bread. As a leavener, baking soda is more responsible for the outward spread of baked goods. (Remember: soda = spread).

What is baking powder?

While baking soda needs a co-conspirator, baking powder is a complete mixture of baking soda and cream of tartar, a powdered form of tartaric acid, so it has both the basic and acidic components necessary to produce carbon dioxide. In grocery stores, you’ll often come across “double-acting” baking powder, meaning it reacts twice. The first reaction occurs when you’re mixing batter and the powder dissolves. (Think about how when you let pancake batter rest for around 15 minutes, it thickens and bubbles slightly — this works on the same principle.) The second reaction takes place when the batter hits the heat and begins to bake.

Inside any high-rise scone or jumbo muffin is typically a good amount of baking powder. That’s because baking powder adds height, fluff, and lightness. (Remember: powder = puff). Just feast your eyes on the glow-up that 1 tablespoon gives Baking Powder Biscuits. I’m not saying if you skimp on the baking powder, you’ll be left with dense, inedible doorstops, but I’m not not saying that either — there’s a reason the ingredient is in the recipe name.

Why do some recipes call for both baking soda and baking powder?

If a recipe requires both leavening agents, there’s a good chance there’s acid included in the recipe, yet not enough to trigger a full reaction when combined with just baking soda on its own. In such cases, baking powder comes in as reinforcement to do most of the leavening, while baking soda is there to neutralize the acid (lessening the astringent taste) and contribute some lifting power. Now that’s teamwork!

Can you use baking soda instead of baking powder? Or vice versa?

You can’t substitute equal amounts of baking soda for baking powder in a recipe, or vice versa. But! There is some wiggle room for substituting.

To put it briefly: Don’t substitute these ingredients for each other (or other swaps) if you can help it, but should you be in a pinch (maybe in the middle of mixing your brownie batter when you realize you’re missing baking powder) there are a few options to swap in. Some may be sitting in your kitchen as we speak! It’s important to keep in mind that these ingredients are happy to step in and do a good job, but they won’t perform absolutely the same as the original leavener called for in the recipe.

Learn how to create deliciously roasted sesame seeds for your meals by following the step-by-step instructions below.

Substitutions for baking soda

Baking powder: Baking powder can be used to replace baking soda, though not at a 1-to-1 ratio. Because the former is not as strong as the latter, it’s important to use three times the amount of baking powder as baking soda. Be aware, a slightly bitter, off-putting taste might result from using that much baking powder.

Sub for 1 teaspoon baking soda: 3 teaspoons baking powder

Substitutions for baking powder

Baking soda + cream of tartar + cornstarch: You can’t just sub baking soda directly for baking powder, but you can use it alongside other ingredients as a swap. Remember, baking powder is a mixture of baking soda and cream of tartar — which means you can easily make it yourself.

Sub for 1 teaspoon baking powder: Combine 1/4 teaspoon baking soda + 1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar + 1/4 teaspoon cornstarch or tapioca starch.

Baker’s ammonia: Baker’s ammonia is a trusty leavener from the 19th century that produces a light, tender crumb similar to what you’d get from baking powder. You can use it 1:1 in place of baking powder. Be aware: It doesn’t smell great, but no need to worry, as the smell totally dissipates by the time baked goods are done.

Sub for 1 teaspoon baking powder: 1 teaspoon baker’s ammonia

Lemon juice or vinegar: These acids react with baking soda to mimic the power of baking powder.

Sub for 1 teaspoon baking powder: 1/4 teaspoon baking soda + 1/2 teaspoon lemon juice or white vinegar

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What exactly is a scone?

What exactly is a scone?

By: RedmanShop | February 17, 2025

Depending on which side of the pond you’re on, a scone can take a few different forms. Sometimes, it’s a simple affair — a buttery, blank slate waiting for a dollop of jam or drizzle of honey. Other times, a scone is a decadent treat all on its own, loaded with sweet or savory mix-ins. Either way, it’s a perfect accompaniment for tea or coffee. But what’s the difference between all these scones, and their close cousin, biscuits?

British scones vs. American scones

Traditional British scones work butter and/or cream into flour until a crumbly dough forms, which makes the resulting baked good finely crumbed and tender, but still a bit flaky. Leavener (typically baking powder) and sometimes eggs are added to help the scones rise and keep them light. British scones are generally quite plain (though they sometimes have a handful of currants or raisins added) and just barely sweet, making them the perfect vehicle for slathering with salted butter, jam, or clotted cream (or all three!). They’re often cut into rounds before baking, but they can sometimes be shaped as triangles.

American-style scones, on the other hand, are usually a no-holds-barred affair. Often found in coffee shops, these pastries are typically triangular, on the sweet side, loaded with mix-ins like dried or fresh fruit, nuts, or chocolate, and sometimes finished with a decadent glaze. They can go savory, too, featuring shredded cheese, herbs, or even pops of salty bacon. The dough often contains more liquid and is mixed more thoroughly than British-style scones in order to incorporate all of those fillings, so they tend to be on the crumblier side after baking.

What is the difference between a scone and a biscuit?

American-style biscuits are cousins to scones, deriving from recipes brought over by settlers from Europe; over time, they were adapted to incorporate available ingredients and evolved into new styles of their own.

Biscuits contain most of the same ingredients as scones, with the exception of eggs and, sometimes, buttermilk instead of milk or cream. However, they typically have a higher proportion of fat and less liquid than scones, causing them to bake up taller and flakier, rather than crumbly and tender. Scones can be made without butter (just using cream), but biscuits always use a form of solid fat. That fat — often butter but sometimes lard or vegetable shortening — is usually left in larger pieces that are folded and laminated into the dough, creating ultra-flaky, striated layers as the pockets of fat puff up in the oven. Biscuits generally skew more savory than sweet, perfect for serving alongside a plate of bacon and eggs or sopping up gravy.

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Egg

Egg

By: RedmanShop | February 17, 2025

Eggs

Eggs are a staple ingredient in baked items and bring a list of incredible attributes: Egg provides aeration, is a natural emulsifier, adds softness and tenderness to cake batters, brings nutritional value and assists in the shelf-life of products.

Fresh and liquid eggs are used to make fresh bakery products. The hen shell egg comes in various sizes/weights and should be cracked and weighed. Relying on the size gradings of eggs, e.g. 50g, 65g, instead of the liquid weight, can result in unbalanced recipes.

As a convenience, powdered eggs are a component in bakery pre-mix, with the application formula appropriating the liquid amount required for the egg powder. Eggs contain a natural emulsifying agent called Lecithin that stabilises cake batters.

Chicken Egg

Types of Eggs

 
Fresh

Shell Eggs / Egg Yolks / Egg White : The shell can be white or brown, with the colour related to the chicken’s genes. They come in varying sizes and should be weighed for accuracy when using them in a baking formula.

Fresh and Frozen

Liquid Whole Eggs / Liquid Yolk / Liquid Egg Whites : Shell eggs can be processed by pulping the whole egg to a liquid or separating the yolk and white.

Powdered Egg

Whole Egg / Egg Yolk / Egg White (Albumin) : The liquid shell eggs undergo a drying process that removes the egg’s moisture.

Pasteurisation of Eggs

For Food Safety reasons, egg products are pasteurised to destroy harmful bacteria and prolong shelf life. It is common practice for many brands of fresh shell eggs sold in the supermarket to have undergone pasteurisation.

Storage

Fresh shell eggs and fresh liquid eggs require refrigeration for safety reasons. Frozen egg product storage is at -10°C. Powdered egg products have an extended shelf-life of up to 5 years if stored in an airtight container at a low ambient temperature.

Must Know

The firmness of the yolk and white upon opening indicates freshness. Both should be firm, with the yolk having a bold appearance. Stale eggs will show a thin yolk that breaks easily and a thinner white. To obtain the best results when whipping, the fresher, the better.

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Yeast – Baker’s & Natural

Yeast – Baker’s & Natural

By: RedmanShop | February 17, 2025

Baker’s and Natural Yeast

Baker’s and Natural are two types of yeast more commonly used in baking, each providing the basis for dough fermentation. Yeast requires special conditions for it to perform consistently throughout the fermentation process. Yeast growth is shown by its increasing capacity to multiply and bud. The conditions necessary for its growth are water, food, oxygen, time, temperature, and appropriate acidity/alkalinity level (pH).

Baker’s Yeast

Baker’s Yeast is a commercial product available in several forms, such as low-sugar or high sugar-tolerant varieties. The choice of which yeast will depend on the dough’s sugar levels. Low sugar yeast works well up to 10% sugar content, whereas high sugar yeast works best in doughs with above 10% sugar content. To check the Percentage of sugar in the recipe, use the Bakers Percentage calculation method, as explained in Part Two.

Types of Yeast

Compressed : Block form is the most common. It is also available in flakes for larger plant bakeries.

Dried Yeasts: Instant Dried / Instant Active DriedStrains of yeast that have had the water removed. The yeast is re-activated by mixing with warm water. It is added directly into the dough when it is mixed.

Note: To convert fresh yeast usage to dried yeast, multiply the quantity by 0.4.

High and Low Sugar Yeasts

The type of yeast used in the dough relates to the amount of sugar in the formula. For lean dough formulas, sugar will range from 0% – 10% on the flour weight. In rich sweet dough formulas, sugar can be 12% to 20% of the flour weight. The high sugar yeast strain is required in these doughs as regular yeast will not be able to create enough fermentation activity. The dough would move slowly as low-sugar yeast cannot cope with high-sugar levels.

Storage

For dried yeasts, refrigeration in airtight containers is most suitable. Fresh compressed yeast also needs refrigeration and is wrapped in appropriate paper to prevent it from drying out. Buy small packs until confident so as not to waste ingredients. Do not purchase large pack sizes (500g) at first, as they deteriorate with age.

Must Know

Yeast is a living organism and requires attention to detail to obtain a consistent result. Buying yeast in individual small sachets is recommended rather than a large amount. Once opened, its gassing properties deteriorate.

Natural Yeast – Levain (Sourdough)

A mix of flour and water (equal parts) stands in a clean container to attract the wild yeast cells and organic bacteria in the air. Once evidence of activity (bubbles or air pockets visible), a regular feeding process using equal parts of flour and water begins. The action is repeated for the next seven days. The result is that Levain replaces baker’s yeast for dough fermentation. For further details refer to page 71, Part Three on practical baking.

Storage

It is best kept refrigerated during the building stage and upon completion of the starter. Any leftovers from daily production must be returned to the mother and kept under refrigeration.

Must Know

Building the Levain is a slow and steady process requiring care so that the foundation is solid and healthy. Once you have the Levain, you must feed it so it is ready for use before making the dough. The flour used in the starter and feeding must be unbleached, with the most suitable being a medium protein.

Fermentation

Yeasts are used as an aerator, affecting product structure, flavour, volume, and quality. The yeast’s performance depends on the amount of water, its temperature, and the finished mixing temperature. It will be challenging to control this process as it could move too quickly or slowly at times, so it is crucial to have a clear understanding for success to follow.

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How to achieve your perfect chocolate chip cookie

How to achieve your perfect chocolate chip cookie

By: izzah zainal | February 16, 2025

A few tweaks — more sugar, a dash of milk — can make cookies crispy, chewy, or cakey.

Good bakers know how to follow recipes. Great bakers know how to tweak them — how to deviate subtly from the printed word and create something that’s not just tasty but tailor-made to your palate. The line between good and great is surprisingly easy to navigate when it comes to chocolate chip cookies. All you need is a little cookie science and a friendly guide to show you the way.

Just a few simple changes can turn a regular chocolate chip cookie into one that’s extra-crunchy, extra-chewy, or extra-cakey. We recommend using our Easy Chocolate Chip Cookies recipe, but these tips are broadly applicable to chocolate chip cookie recipe that makes a similar quantity of finished cookies.

How to make crunchy chocolate chip cookies

Add 2 tablespoons granulated sugar and bake for 2 to 4 extra minutes.

What does the extra sugar do to the cookie dough?

Although sugar may seem like a simple ingredient, it plays a very important and complex role in cookie dough. It contributes to both texture and flavor in many ways: It melts in the heat of the oven to increase spread, and it creates little air pockets in the dough to expand and make cookies rise. Sugar also caramelizes and participates in Maillard reactions to add both color and additional flavor notes, and it recrystallizes upon cooling to give the cookies crispy texture. (Maillard reactions are when amino acids react with sugars to give you the brown color and caramelized flavor in baked goods.)

When adding an extra few tablespoons of granulated sugar, you increase the ratio of sugar to fat and flour in the cookie. This will result in a bit more spread, a larger surface area and more material to caramelize and react and, of course, a little bit of extra sweetness as well, which never hurts.

You may notice that the cookies won’t be crispy immediately out of the oven; that happens later. While the exact science of cookie cooling is still somewhat of a mystery, one theory is that as the molten sugar retreats to its crystalline structure and solidifies, the cookie becomes crispy as opposed to bendy. Working with that theory, we can then understand why the more sugar present to recrystallize, the more snap your cookie will have.

How does granulated sugar act differently than brown sugar?

Granulated sugar contains little to no “invert sugar,” which is what you find in the molasses or refiners syrup added to brown sugar. This invert sugar is actually single monosaccharide molecules that were created by breaking down the double disaccharide molecules that make up granulated or table sugar (sucrose). These monosaccharides possess different chemical properties that make cookies chewier, as we’ll see in the tip below.

Why the different bake time?

By adding extra sugar, you can bake the cookies to a slightly higher temperature without over-baking, which will allow for a crispier final cookie as well as deeper flavor development.

Why not just bake any version longer to get a crunchy cookie without added sugar?

While it’s certainly true that baking any cookie longer will cause it to have a firmer final texture, having the extra granulated sugar allows the cookie to maintain a tender, “snappy,” crisp texture (due to the properties discussed above), as opposed to a less enjoyable hard/crunchy texture.

How to make chewy chocolate chip cookies

Add 2 tablespoons brown sugar.

What does extra brown sugar do to the cookie dough?

While brown sugar is similar to granulated sugar in many ways, it has one major functional component that granulated sugar does not: invert sugar!

The two primary invert sugar monosaccharides found in brown sugar are glucose and fructose, which are actually bound together to make the disaccharide sucrose — what Americans know as our standard white table sugar.

Compared to sucrose, invert sugars caramelize at a lower temperature, and absorb and retain more moisture; fructose is particularly hygroscopic, meaning it really loves to suck up and hold onto water.

Invert sugars also interfere with recrystallization upon cooling, which helps make cookies crisp. By holding that extra moisture and delaying the sugar’s recrystallization, brown sugar has the wonderful ability to give you a moist, bendy, chewy cookie.

Does it make the chocolate chip cookie extra sweet?

While a particularly perceptive taster might be able to tell the difference in sweetness with the additional two tablespoons brown sugar, the overall sweetness level only increased slightly. It’s really just a delightfully sweet cookie at either level.

Do light and dark brown sugar work the same?

In fact, they do. The differences between light and dark brown sugar in terms of the amount or types of syrup used are usually minimal, even though you might expect otherwise given the significant difference in coloration.

How to make cakey chocolate chip cookies

Add 2 tablespoons milk.

What does extra brown sugar do to the cookie dough?

Although it may seem obvious, the most important role extra milk plays is adding a little more liquid. As cookie dough is very low in hydration, that two tablespoons of milk have more of an impact here than in something with higher hydration, such as cake batter.

Milk is around 85% water — and that water will evaporate in the heat of the oven to form steam. This steam will migrate to air pockets created by the melting sugar grains.

As the steam gets hotter, it teams up with gases produced by the leaveners, expanding those air pockets. That expansion causes the cookies to puff and rise in the oven, creating an airy, cakey texture.

The moisture contributed by the milk will also increase spread and hydrate more of the starches in the flour. These hydrated (gelatinized) starches support the structure of the air pocket wall, keeping the cookies from collapsing once cooled. By holding more water, they also help keep the cookies softer over time.

Why milk and not water?

While milk is mostly water, those other little molecules in milk do serve a purpose. First, their presence means that there’s 15% less liquid being added to the dough, and this helps prevent the dough from spreading too far and turning into some less-than-ideal chocolate chip pancakes in the oven.

The proteins in milk — about 3% to 4% — will enhance Maillard reactions (as discussed above) and contribute many of the flavor notes that we recognize as “baked,” giving the cookies their roasted, toasted, and even sometimes nutty notes. Finally, the fat and sugar from the milk also add extra tenderness and richer flavor.

Sugar creamed with warm or melted butter is grainy and greasy.

If your butter is just right

Now that we’ve seen both extremes, let’s check out the results when the butter is at the right temperature. The mixture is lightened in color, it’s visibly fluffy, and it’s not clinging to the sides of the bowl.

Sugar creamed with room temperature butter is pale and fluffy.

Let’s look at the three results side by side. Starting on the left: too cold and the mixture sits in a lump. Too warm, and the mixture spreads out and has an oily layer. Finally, properly creamed, the mixture sits up tall and has visible fluffy peaks.

From left to right: sugar creamed with cold butter, warm butter, and room temperature butter.

Besides looks, the feel of each mixture will be different as well. Under-creamed and your mix will feel like wet sand or damp cornmeal. Over-creamed, and your mix will have the feel of oil and sugar on your fingers, rather like a facial scrub. Your well-creamed mix will be moist and light and the sugar will be nearly dissolved. You’ll barely feel any grit when you rub it between your fingers.

The right mixing speed and duration for creaming

Of course, having correctly softened butter is just one part of the equation, albeit a big one. Mixing at too high or too low a speed and for too short or long a time will also wreak havoc with your creaming. With the advent of the more powerful stand mixers that we use today, gone are the days of having to whip the butter and sugar mixture on high speed for several minutes to achieve good results. Instead, a moderate speed (typically speed 3 to 4 on a stand mixer) for 2 to 3 minutes is sufficient to get the aeration you’re looking for, being sure to scrape the bowl halfway through.

Under-creamed butter and sugar

If you under-cream your butter and sugar mixture, it will remain dense, grainy, and dark in color:

Under-creamed butter and sugar

If you under-cream your butter and sugar mixture, it will remain dense, grainy, and dark in color.

Correctly creamed butter and sugar

Perfectly creamed butter and sugar should be light, fluffy, and pale in color (but not white).

Perfectly creamed butter and sugar

Perfectly creamed butter and sugar should be light, fluffy, and pale in color (but not white).

Over-creamed butter and sugar

If you beat too long and hard, the mixture will be over-creamed, becoming nearly white in color. Because it’s too aerated, it can result in dense, gummy streaks in your cake when baking.

Over-creamed butter and sugar.

Unfortunately, if the butter and sugar has gone this far there’s no going back. We hope you’ve found this information helpful. A picture is worth a thousand words, they say, and we hope these photos and our video will help you achieve the cakes and bakes of your dreams.

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Using the chocolate tempering machine

Using the chocolate tempering machine

By: izzah zainal | February 15, 2025

Need a large quantity of workable chocolate? Then it’s best to use the chocolate tempering machine.

Good To Know:

Why is fluidity so important?

The fluidity of your chocolate determines the thickness of the shell and the snap of your chocolate products: the more fluid your chocolate, the thinner and crunchier your shell will be.

Using chocolate with the right fluidity also saves time: you can cast large moulds in one go with less fluid chocolate. Chocolate with a higher fluidity is better for moulds with a lot of detail, but you’ll need to fill your mould with chocolate 2 to 3 times.

Why is it so important to pre-crystallise chocolate properly?

It helps chocolate harden, and gives it a beautiful satin gloss and a delicious snap. It makes chocolate contract during cooling, which makes it easier to unmould. Badly crystallised or uncrystallised chocolate will turn grey and won’t have an appetising gloss.

What is tempering or pre-crystallising?

The purpose of tempering chocolate is to pre-crystallise the cocoa butter in it, which is important to make your chocolate ready for processing. During tempering, the cocoa butter in the chocolate takes on a stable crystalline form. This guarantees a perfect finished product with a satin gloss and a hard snap. It also makes the chocolate contract during cooling, which makes it easier to unmould. If chocolate is simply melted (between 40 and 45 °C) and then left to cool down to a suitable working temperature, the finished product will not be glossy. If you make the small effort of bringing your chocolate to the right working temperature properly, you are guaranteed to get the desired end result. And that’s what we mean by tempering: bringing chocolate up to the right working temperature while making sure that the crystalline structure of the cocoa butter in it is stable. As you’ll discover below, the three key principles for proper tempering are time, temperature and movement.

Step 1

Pour a small amout of chocolate into a plastic or glass bowl.

Step 2

Place the bowl in a microwave and melt the chocolate at 800-1,000 W.

Step 3

Take the chocolate out of the microwave every 15 to 20 seconds and stir well to make sure that the heat is distributed evenly throughout and to keep the chocolate from burning.

Step 4

Repeat this procedure until the chocolate has almost entirely melted. Some small pieces of chocolate should still be visible in the bowl.

Step 5

Take the bowl out of the microwave and stir the chocolate well until all the pieces of chocolate have disappeared. You’ll notice that your chocolate is now smooth and slightly thicker. That means it is properly tempered and ready for use.

Which chocolate needs to be tempered?

Each variety or type of chocolate should be tempered before you use it to mould chocolates and hollow figures, or to enrobe cakes and chocolates. In short, whenever chocolate needs to have a beautiful satin gloss and a hard snap, tempering is absolutely crucial.

When you add chocolate to dishes as a flavour component (e.g. chocolate mousses or bavarian creams), it suffices to simply melt it without tempering. All our recipes clearly indicate if your chocolate should be tempered or not.

A general overview of baking pan materials

The biggest distinction between pans is heat transfer. Metal conducts heat the most efficiently — in other words, it gets hot the quickest and transfers heat evenly across the pan’s surface — which is why many professionals choose aluminum pans. (Another benefit: Metal pans withstand rapid temperature changes, meaning you can take your pie plate from the fridge to the oven without worrying about shattering.)

Glass, on the other hand, is an insulator. Because glass slows the flow of heat between the oven’s air and your dough, it takes more time to heat up than metal — meaning your dough takes longer to heat too. But once it’s hot, it retains that heat well, and it stays hot for longer than metal. For pie, there’s one more bonus: The clear material means you can visibly check how brown your crust is getting.

Ceramic pie pans are usually either stoneware or porcelain, and they can vary based on the material and how it’s made. They can also vary in thickness and thus heat transfer, so ultimate performance depends on which brand or maker you’re baking with. Overall, though, they tend to be slower to transfer heat than more efficient metal pans, though they retain heat well.

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How to store chocolate products

How to store chocolate products

By: izzah zainal | February 7, 2025

Bad storage will have a negative impact on the quality of your finished product. To prevent this from happening, we show you the ins and outs of the proper storing procedure.

Good To Know:

Why is it so important to store your chocolate creations in the right conditions?

Constant storage temperatures are essential to slow down the white-greyish discoloration (i.e. fat bloom) that naturally appears on the chocolate’s surface.

Avoid temperature shocks since they may cause sugar bloom.

Storing chocolate in a space that is too humid or too cold may expose it to condensation, often causes sugar bloom.

Never store chocolate near strong-smelling products as chocolate has the tendency to absorb odours.

How can you slow down the appearance of fat bloom?

Store your finished chocolate products at a constant temperature between 18°C and 20°C. Fat-based fillings (e.g. pralines or nut-based fillings) will make fat bloom appear faster. You can prevent this by adding 5% to 6% cocoa butter to your filling and then pre-crystallising (or tempering) it.

What causes sugar bloom?

Temperature shocks, or storing chocolate in a space that is too humid or too cold (thus exposing it to condensation) in many cases gives rise to sugar bloom.

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