FREE DELIVERY ABOVE $30

Popular

Flour-less Fudge Brownies

Flourless Chocolate Cake

Almond Flour Brownies

Almond Flour Shortcakes
Account
Cart

Category: Learn

Posted on by — Leave a reply

How to make the best pie crust

How to make the best pie crust

By: RedmanShop | February 7, 2025

Four critical ingredients and a few key techniques.

Do you suffer from pie crust phobia? If so, you’re not alone; plenty of otherwise confident bakers find themselves furtively hustling a ready-made crust out of the supermarket freezer case into their shopping cart. But life doesn’t have to be that way; you can make the best pie crust ever by following these simple steps:

  1. Choose a good recipe
  2. Start with the right ingredients
  3. Learn a few basic techniques

What I want to emphasize here is the importance of your ingredients: specifically flour, salt, fat, and liquid. Choosing those four ingredients wisely will lead to consistently great pie crust.

1. Flour: It’s all about protein

What kind of flour makes the best pie crust? Well, not high-protein bread flour! Use that for your chewy bagels. What you want for pie is flour that yields a tender, flaky crust, which means medium-protein all-purpose flour or low-protein pastry flour.

What does protein have to do with it?

When you add water to flour some of its protein turns into gluten, an elastic substance that gives baked goods the structure they need to hold together (and to rise when appropriate). The higher the protein level, the stronger the structure.

Strong structure in yeast bread translates to high-rising; but in pie crust, strong structure can be perceived as tough — the last attribute you want applied to your apple pie. So stick to flour with a medium-to-low percentage of protein, which means all-purpose flour (11.7% protein), pastry flour blend (10.3%), or pastry flour (8.0%).

Does the flour with the lowest protein make the best pie crust?

Not necessarily. Yes, you can make tender, flaky pie crust with pastry flour. But it can be a bit of a challenge, particularly for those uncertain of their pie crust skills. Pastry flour pie crust is harder to roll without cracking, and it can split apart at the seams while the pie is baking.

That’s why I choose all-purpose flour for my pie crust. The dough is easier to roll out and move around and, despite its slightly higher protein, the crust is wonderfully flaky. In my book, the ease of an all-purpose flour crust trumps the marginal added tenderness of a pastry flour crust.

2. Salt: Critical for flavour

Salt adds flavor to pie crust. Leave out the salt and, unless you’re used to following a salt-free diet, the crust will taste like cardboard.

I find that when using unsalted butter and/or shortening in your crust, about 1/2 teaspoon salt per cup of flour is just perfect. If you’re using salted butter, reduce the amount of added salt in your crust by 1/4 teaspoon for each 8 tablespoons (1/2 cup) of butter in the recipe.

Since pie crust dough has very little liquid, choose table salt or fine salt. Their finer crystals will disperse more evenly throughout the dough despite the lack of water to dissolve them.

3. Fat: Choose your favourite

Some people love lard in pie crust. Others use liquid vegetable oil. There are those who swear by their grandma’s Crisco crust — and other bakers who eschew solid vegetable shortening for health reasons. Many people love an all-butter crust. And then there’s coconut oil … So many choices!

Butter is a major flavor enhancer, but its low melting point can be an issue. Shortening, with its higher melting point, adds stability to a baking pie crust.

If you have trouble with your crust slipping down the sides of the pan, or if your carefully fashioned crimp around the edge melts and puddles, blame butter. A combination of butter and shortening yields the best qualities of each: flavor and baking stability.

4. Liquid: The ultimate key to texture

As mentioned before, liquid + the protein in flour = gluten. And once that gluten forms, working it — by mixing the pie crust dough, then rolling it out — increases gluten’s strength and decreases the resulting crust’s tenderness.

The best pie crust is a perfect balance between fat, flour, and liquid. Too much fat and the crust may taste greasy and crumble as it bakes. Too much liquid can create extra gluten, leading to tough, chewy crust.

But strike just the right balance — sufficient fat for tenderness without greasiness, and just enough liquid to hold everything together — and you’ve struck pie crust gold.

Water, milk … vodka?

Some bakers use milk or buttermilk in their pie crust. Thanks to their milk solids, both will help crust brown and add a bit of tenderness. But the classic liquid in pie crust is water — ice water, to be precise.

Why ice water? Ice water keeps the bits of fat in the dough cold and intact (rather than melted and dispersed). This creates little pockets of fat that, as the pie bakes, gradually melt and form tiny caverns in the crust — which we describe as flakiness.

Vodka in pie crust has been a popular substitute for ice water in recent years. Why? It’s said that its lower percentage of water (alcohol is part water, part ethanol) means less gluten development, yielding a more tender crust.

In my experience this is partially true; using vodka in pie crust makes a soft, silky dough that’s lovely to roll out. But the resulting crust isn’t any more tender or flaky than an ice-water crust.

And crust whose liquid is 100% vodka can border on being too tender, since less of its gluten has been activated. An all-vodka crust (especially one made with higher-proof vodka) can occasionally fall apart as you move it from countertop to pie pan.

“Add just enough liquid.” What’s just enough?

Less is more: The less liquid you add to pie crust dough (within reason), the more tender it will be.

When the vodka is thoroughly dispersed, I dribble in ice water just until the dough starts to come together. And I mean just enough water. Watch carefully as you stir; when the dough starts to clump, and you grab a handful and squeeze it and it doesn’t crumble into pieces, stop adding water.

Gather the dough into a ball. Divide it in half, and flatten each half into a hockey puck-like disk. That’s it. You’re done. You’ve just made the best pie crust for Cranberry Hand Pies, Gluten-Free Crustless Pumpkin Pie, Easy Fall Mini Pies.

How to make the best pie crust: your takeaways

  1. Use a reliable recipe.
  2. Choose all-purpose flour or pastry flour.
  3. Don’t skip or reduce the salt; it’s critical for flavor.
  4. Various types of fat work well; choose your favorite.
  5. Add just enough liquid to hold the dough together.
Posted on by — Leave a reply

Critical Elements of Bread Making

Critical Elements of Bread Making

Introduction

Understanding the role of Flour, Water, Dough Development and Temperature control are the keys to successful bread making. Understanding the relationship between the four elements and their interdependence enables you to practice mastering the initial art of baking bread.

Floor Quality

Part One of this handbook listed the flour  types, their protein content and their uses. On average, flour with 12 – 14% protein content will give the best result for bread making. The flour requires its ability to form a strong gluten matrix, whether mixed by hand or machine.

The retail supermarket’s flours will produce a satisfactory result, provided you follow the correct processes.

My advice for a beginner is to start with the flour available in the local supermarket and observe the results you achieve with the dough you make from it. Remember, it will require you to prepare many doughs to acquire proficiency with any flour. Resist the  temptation to try different brands until you are  happy with the process and the supermarket  flour results. Once you are satisfied with the handling, processing, baking, etc., look for other flours that may provide different volumes, aromas, etc.

Quote: “Good flour is not cheap and cheap flour is not good “. The secrets are in the process, not the flour! The protein content will guide the amount of water the flour will hold.

Water Absorption

The water content can vary from 58% to 100%, depending on your product and process.

Starting with water at 60% to 75% based on the flour weight of the recipe is an excellent range. I advise having a tight dough (62% – 65%) as you will be more able to handle this. Once you have mastered the process, increase the water gradually and determine what amount suits you best. Water used in the dough also controls the dough temperature and the fermentation rate.

Dough Development

When mixed, the ingredients for the dough of flour, salt, yeast, and water will develop the gluten matrix, which becomes the structure for the bread.The gluten matrix holds the Carbon Dioxide CO2 produced through fermentation, causing the dough to rise. Hand development is satisfactory but a tedious process that requires  time and technique to master.

Using a mixing machine will save time and generally develop better doughs. Some home bakers use their bread machine to mix the dough, remove it once mixed, and continue the bread making process. Reaching the optimum requires understanding  the importance of developing the flour protein.

Gluten Matrix is the optimum development of the gluten proteins: Glutenin (elasticity – ability to resume shape after being stretched) and Gliadin (extensibility – the capacity to stretch). To test the dough development, you do the gluten stretch test. Take a dough ball and stretch it out by pulling it from the sides. A well-developed  dough will be extensible, stretching and not breaking.

MUST KNOW

Dough development through building a solid gluten matrix that will hold in the gas CO2 the yeast produces during fermentation is crucial and will require lots of practice to achieve consistency.

Temperature Control 

The dough’s water temperature depends on the environment, machinery, time taken for fermentation, and the style of dough you are making. Home bakers prefer chilled water in  Singapore or warmer climates.Place the dough water in a chiller (4°C) overnight, ready for use the next day. The chilled water will assist with the  finished dough temperature (after mixing) and  the amount added will help control the yeast’s  growth.

The water temperature where the climate is seasonable will require adjustments to maintain  yeast activity. Observing the performance of the dough at different times of the year will help you better understand how the yeast performs.

What is the optimum temperature for yeast activity? 

Yeast works best at temperatures of 36 to 40°C. The objective when making bread is to be able to control this activity until the dough is in the final proofing stage. In a warm climate keeping the dough cool is the objective.

In contrast, a warmer dough is necessary for consistent fermentation growth when it is frigid in winter in a temperate environment. Hence the use of chilled or tempered water depends on the climate and dough-making style used.

Room temperature refers to the ambient temperature of the room where the doughs are mixed, which will vary due to climatic conditions. An ideal room temperature will be between 22°C to24°C.

The pH of Yeast Dough

The acidity level of the bread is the result of the fermentation process. During the dough fermentation stage, alcohol and carbon dioxide (CO2) react with the organic acids that produce flavour. The yeast growth activity is related to the ambient temperature, water and fermentation time. In typical bread, the pH ranges between
5.3– 5.8, depending on the processing style. In sourdough bread, the pH is lower and ranges from3.8 – 4.6, giving the bread its characteristic flavour.

Posted on by — Leave a reply

Your Personal Guideline

Your Personal Guideline

BEST BAKES

B

Buy a set of digital scales that measure in 1g units. Start your baking journey methodically!

E

Examine and understand the nature of each stage of the process before undertaking it. Check critical details.

S

Specifically weigh all the liquids in the recipe.

T

Temperature management of ingredients and maintaining process control temperatures are vital elements in your success.

B

Baking times and baking temperatures will vary from oven range to oven range. Develop suitable oven settings from your actual experience with that oven.

A

Aeration in its many forms, is the key to all baking. Achieving optimum aeration requires adherence to critical stages of the process and a proper understanding of mixing speeds and times.

K

Keep records of what you have done to identify success when the product is out of the oven. Photos are a good idea.

E

Enjoy each baking experience and be patient with yourself. You might have many failures as you travel along the baking journey. However, family and friends will have the opportunity to enjoy your attempts with gusto.

S

Study the recipe and ingredients thoroughly before attempting to make it!

Posted on by — Leave a reply

Wheat Flour

Wheat Flour

Flour Categories

Flour comes in four categories to cover a variety of bakery products. The Flour classification  refers to its protein level. The protein content is determined by the wheat strain planted by the farmer and the subsequent climatic conditions during growing.

Wholemeal Flour

Protein average: 12% – 14%

High Protein Bread Flour

Protein average: 12% – 14%

Medium Protein Plain Flour

Protein average: 10% – 12% 

Low Protein Cake Flour

Protein average: 7% – 9%

Rye Flour

Protein average: 8% – 15%

Types: Dark Rye, Light Rye

Specialty Flour

Protein average: 12% – 14%

Suitable for Bread, Buns, Pastry, Cakes and Cookies. It can be  used alone but mainly in conjunction with other flour types as a  percentage of the total flour.

Suitable for all types of Bread, Buns and some Pastry.

Suitable for Bread, Pastry, Cakes and Cookies.

Suitable for all types of Cakes, Sponges Cookies and Muffins.  Cake flour can be chlorinated
(It denatures protein and increases absorption) or straight-stream unchlorinated cake flour.

Suitable for bread making on its own or blended with white flour.  The protein differs from wheat flour, containing only Gliadin, resulting in smaller, more compact breads.

Spelt, Einkorn, Kamut and Buckwheat are known as ancient grains. They can be used individually to make bread but are challenging to handle as doughs are sticky. You will blend these with white flour to make bread. Some speciality flours have a gluten-free label.

 

Flour Type and Availability

The protein content of the harvested wheat will finally determine its category and use. Flour is the base ingredient in a recipe, with each grade playing different roles across product ranges. A specific name often identifies flour types, e.g. all-purpose flour from the medium protein range; and self-rising flour, a medium protein flour containing baking powder.


Country generic names such as Hong Kong Flour are identified with certain dim sum products and are low protein flour. European Flours, very popular with Artisan bakers, use a different system which identifies the flour by its extraction rate, e.g., T45 (like plain flour), T55 (like bread flour), and T65 (high- end bread flour)


The extraction rate relates to the flour obtained from the milling process. Flour with a high number after the T means the flour has a high bran content (minerals) from the milling process.

Posted on by — Leave a reply

Putting your sourdough starter on hold

Putting your sourdough starter on hold

By: RedmanShop | January 28, 2025

For best long-term storage, dry it

Sourdough baking is endlessly fascinating, isn’t it?

First-time sourdough bakers, excited by the starter they’ve created, happily explore the huge realm of possibilities for its use. 

More seasoned sourdough aficionados, having mastered the basics, work at fine-tuning techniques, learning to use fermentation temperatures to bring out (or tone down) certain flavors in sourdough’s rich, multilayered profile.

But one thing most of us have in common: at some point, we need to put our sourdough baking on hold. Maybe we’re going on vacation; perhaps the schedule is just too crowded at the moment for the ritual feeding/discarding/feeding/baking process.

Whatever the reason, there comes a time when we need to put our sourdough starter to bed for awhile.

What’s the best way to keep your starter happy, healthy, and vibrant, when you know you won’t be using it for an extended period?

Refrigerate it and hope? Freeze it and forget it?

Neither of the above. The best way to preserve your starter – for a couple of weeks, a month, or even years – is to dry it.

Let’s see how the process works.

1. Ready your sourdough starter for storage.

First, feed your starter as though you were going to bake with it. If it’s been stored in the fridge, take it out, and feed it with equal parts unbleached all-purpose flour and lukewarm water. Let it rest, covered, until it becomes very bubbly and healthy looking.

2. Spread it out to dry.

Next, spread it – all of it* – onto two pieces of parchment. It helps to set each piece of parchment on a baking sheet, simply for ease of transportation.

*Don’t want to dry all of it? See the end of this post for advice.

The starter should be spread as thinly as possible; use a spatula, an offset spatula, or a bowl scraper to help the process along.

3. Dry the starter completely, until it’s brittle.

Let the starter dry at room temperature until it’s completely and utterly dry. This will take a day (if you live, say, in Arizona, in a house without air conditioning); or up to three, four, five days – it totally depends on the weather. In Seattle, in winter? Count on a long dry.

If you live somewhere humid, can you dry your starter in the oven? Yes; but be careful. Rather than turning the oven on to warm it, I’d advise using only your oven’s electric light, which will produce very gentle, even heat. You don’t want to risk turning the oven on and accidentally making it too hot, which would kill your starter. (See step #8, below.)

Completely dry starter should peel easily off the parchment; when you pick a piece up, it will be brittle and easily snap between your fingers. If you have a scale, weigh it; if you started with 4 ounces starter on your parchment, it should weigh 2 ounces (or very close) when it’s completely dry.

4. Break it into pieces.

Break the starter into small chips with your hands; or place it in a plastic bag and pulverize it with something heavy.

Can you run it through a food processor? Yes, but it’s not necessary; just break it into chips as best you can.

5. Store it airtight.

Store the starter airtight, preferably in a glass container. You want something totally inert, with an airtight cover; a glass jar is perfect. Date the jar and label it; you don’t want someone throwing it away during the course of some pantry spring cleaning.

Keep the jar of dried starter in a cool, dark place, if possible. Not cool as in refrigerator; just not sitting in the hot sun, or over your woodstove. Be sensible.

6. Bring your sourdough starter back to life.

When you’re ready to revive the starter, measure out 1 ounce (or about 1/8 of it, if you’d been following a regular feeding pattern and had about 8 ounces starter on hand at the beginning of the drying process).

Don’t have a scale? Well, depending on the size of your chips, this will be between 1/4 and 1/3 cup.

7. Mix the starter with lukewarm water.

Place the dried starter chips in a large (at least 1-pint) container. Add 2 ounces (1/4 cup) of lukewarm water. The water should barely cover the chips; tamp them down, if necessary.

Stir the chips/water occasionally; it’ll take 3 hours or so, with infrequent attention, to dissolve the chips.

8. Feed it with flour.

Once the mixture is fairly smooth/liquid, with perhaps just a couple of small undissolved chips, feed it with 1 ounce (about 1/4 cup) of unbleached all-purpose flour. Cover it lightly (a shower cap works well here), and place it somewhere warm.

I like to use my electric oven with the light turned on. Even without ever turning on the heat, it holds a constant temperature between 85°F and 90°F.

You can certainly keep your starter out of the oven, at room temperature; just understand that this whole process, as I’ll describe it, will take longer. The cooler the room, the longer it takes sourdough starter to work.

9. Let it rest somewhere warm until it bubbles.

Let the starter work for 24 hours. At the end of that time, you should see some bubbles starting to form. Remember, this is at about 85°F; if your temperature is lower, this will take longer.

How much longer? Totally depends on temperature. Once you do this process once – in your kitchen, in your climate, accounting for your weather – you’ll have a better idea.

Sourdough isn’t one of those things you can be all engineering about. Forget your timer; just wait until your starter looks like the picture above.

10. Feed the starter again.

WITHOUT DISCARDING ANY OF THE STARTER, feed it with 1 ounce of lukewarm water, and 1 ounce of flour. Cover, and put back in its warm spot. After “X” hours (depends on your kitchen), you should see some serious bubbling; mine took eight hours to become nice and bubbly.

11. And again.

Feed the starter again – 1 ounce of lukewarm water, 1 ounce of flour – cover, and wait. Again, you’re not discarding any at this point.

Here’s my starter 12 hours later. It’s exhibiting a host of tiny bubbles, and has expanded. You may also notice, from the side of the container, that it’s risen, and then fallen; this is completely natural.

12. Put the starter back on its regular feeding schedule.

Your starter is ready to return to its former life – and its regular schedule. DISCARD all but 4 ounces (about 1/2 cup). Feed it again, this time with 4 ounces each lukewarm water and flour. (That’s 1/2 cup of water, and 1 cup of flour, for those of you without a scale. Tell me again why you don’t have a scale?)

This time, it should really expand quickly. In my 85°F oven, it took just 4 hours for it to triple in size. Your starter is now revived and healthy.

13. At last – you’re ready to bake!

To ready the starter for baking (while saving enough for another day), feed it again. Discard all but 4 ounces; and feed the remainder with 4 ounces each lukewarm water and flour. Let it become bubbly – and let the baking begin!

Finally, because I know you’ll ask –

Q. Do you have to dry all of your starter?

A. No. Store half in the fridge, if you like. Just don’t store any in the freezer; freezing will kill your starter (more on that in a future post).

Q. If you dried all of your starter, and you only revive 1 ounce of it – what do you do with the rest?

A. Give some to a friend (with a link to this blog post, of course). Or just save the rest for sometime in the future.

Q. How long will dried starter stay good?

A. Not sure, but we’ve heard cases of dried starter remaining viable for over a decade. Thorough drying should preserve your starter indefinitely – just ask King Tut!

Finally, I couldn’t possibly end this post without showing you what happened to my dried, revived, fed, and baked-with starter. This Extra-Tangy Sourdough Bread has NO commercial yeast; it was entirely leavened with my reconstituted starter. Success!

Posted on by — Leave a reply

Toasted vs Roasted Sesame Seeds

Toasted vs Roasted Sesame Seeds

By: | January 27, 2025

Do you love cooking with sesame seeds? If so, you’re likely searching for more ways to enjoy them. While sesame seeds can be enjoyed plain, their flavor is amplified when they are toasted or roasted. To learn how you can cook sesame seeds to perfection and boost the flavor of your favorite dishes, continue reading as we discuss the difference between toasted vs. roasted sesame seeds.

What Are Sesame Seeds?

Sesame seeds are the seeds that grow in the pods of the sesame plant—Sesamum Indicum. Though this flowering plant is found mainly in the tropical regions of India and Africa, sesame seeds are a nutrient-rich ingredient that is enjoyed worldwide. In addition to being consumed whole, these seeds can also be pressed for sesame oil or toasted and used to make sesame paste. Untoasted seeds are also used to create a popular sesame paste known as tahini.

Toasted Sesame Seeds

Toasted sesame seeds can be used to add a depth of flavor to your dishes that regular sesame seeds won’t provide. When toasting sesame seeds, white seeds, a.k.a hulled sesame seeds, are often the variety used. Toasted sesame seeds are traditionally found in Japanese dishes and can be used in various sauces and garnishes. They can even be used as a topping on muffins and ice cream.

How to Toast Sesame Seeds

  1. Gather the number of sesame seeds that you would like toasted.
  2. Add sesame seeds to a medium frying pan and spread into a thin layer.
  3. Cook the sesame seeds over medium heat for 2-3 minutes until they are fragrant and turn golden brown.
  4. To ensure that the sesame seeds do not burn, move the seed around the pan every 30 seconds, making sure that they are evenly toasted.
  5. Remove from the pan and allow to cool.
  6. Use immediately or place into an airtight container and store in the refrigerator.

What Are Roasted Sesame Seeds?

Roasted and toasted sesame seeds are similar in look and taste. The only difference is that toasted sesame seeds are made on the stove, whereas roasted sesame seeds are made in the oven. Roasting the sesame seeds makes the seed plump and intensifies the flavor, which adds a more nutty and smoky taste to your meals.

How to Roast Sesame Seeds

Roasting sesame seeds in the oven is ideal when handling a lot of seeds at once. Because the oven is a larger space, it allows the seeds to cook more evenly. When roasting seeds in the oven, we recommend using a sheet pan to allow for a nice even surface. Roasted sesame seeds will also be more evenly browned than toasted sesame seeds.

  1. Preheat the oven to 350°F.
  2. Gather the sesame seeds you’d like to roast and spread them out in a single layer onto a prepared baking sheet.
  3. Place the sesame seeds into the oven for 8-10 minutes per batch, stirring every 2 minutes.
  4. Watch the sesame seeds closely until they are fragrant and have turned light brown in color.
  5. Once cooked, remove the roasted sesame seeds from the oven and transfer them to a plate immediately. This will prevent the seeds from cooking any further.
  6. Allow the seeds to cool and use immediately or place them into an airtight container and store them in the refrigerator.

How to Use Toasted and Roasted Sesame Seeds

Toasted and roasted sesame seeds are versatile and can be added to sweet and savory dishes. To help you begin cooking with sesame seeds today, we’ve compiled a list of the many ways that we enjoy using sesame seeds.

Now that you know how to roast and toast sesame seeds, it’s time to start using them in your recipes. Simple and quick to make, cooked sesame seeds can be used to level up all of your favorite meals. So whether you make a savory dish like the Sesame Shrimp Millet and Quinoa Grain Bowl above or add sesame seeds to a sweet treat, we’re sure the outcome will be delicious. From everyone at Bob’s Red Mill, we wish you a healthy and happy day!

Want to learn more about sesame seeds? Check out our article Do Sesame Seeds Have Gluten? and 4 Sesame Seed Benefits.

Posted on by — Leave a reply

How to measure flour the right way

How to measure flour the right way

By: RedmanShop | January 22, 2025

If you learn one skill to bake better, it should be how to measure flour — the right way. It’s arguably one of the biggest keys to baking success. That’s because a little too much flour can be the difference between a good bake and a not-so-good bake. And if you’re measuring your flour by volume (i.e., with measuring cups), then it’s very likely you’re adding too much flour.

That’s because measuring flour by volume is wildly inconsistent: It all depends on how densely the flour is packed into the cup. If the flour is more condensed, a cup can hold up to 160 grams of all-purpose flour. If you fluff, scoop, and level, as we recommend, a cup will hold around 120 grams. But if you weigh your flour with a scale? You’ll always get exactly 120 grams of all-purpose flour per cup, precisely as our Test Kitchen (or whoever developed your recipe) intends.

If you succeed in correctly measuring your flour, your baked goods are more likely to be successful, too. And while we recommend always using a scale, using measuring cups works too if you do it the right way. However you choose to measure your flour, here’s how to get it right.

With a scale, your measurements are always accurate.

How to measure flour with a kitchen scale

Hit the “Tare” button to make sure your scale is set to 0 grams. (All of our recipes include gram and volume measurements.) Set your measuring bowl, or a separate empty bowl, measuring cup, or other vessel (whatever you’ll be pouring your flour into) onto the scale, then press “Tare” again to set the scale to 0 grams. Scoop your flour into the vessel on the scale — if you’re measuring 1 cup of all-purpose flour, keep scooping until the scale totals 120 grams. Or measure out however much flour the recipe calls for. (Wondering about the weight of other flours and ingredients? Check out our handy ingredient weight chart.)

Generally, you can stay within 5 grams over or under the written amount (for instance, if the recipe calls for 240 grams of flour and you measured out 245 grams), and it won’t affect your recipe. With that said, we recommend being as accurate as possible when measuring flour and all other ingredients.

How to measure flour with measuring cups

If you don’t have a scale and need to measure flour by volume, it’s important to use the correct technique. Using our “Fluff, Sprinkle, and Scrape” technique is the best way to make sure you do not add too much flour to your recipes.

Begin by fluffing your flour in its bag or container using a spoon or scoop. The goal here is to lighten and aerate the flour. Spoon the fluffed flour into your measuring cup until it’s overflowing. Use a straight edge (like the back of a butter knife or a bench knife) to evenly level off the top so the flour is even with the top of the measuring cup.

Posted on by — Leave a reply

Bulk fermentation, explained

Bulk fermentation, explained

By: RedmanShop | January 22, 2025

Bulk fermentation (also called the first rise or primary fermentation) is one of the most important steps of yeast bread baking. It begins right when mixing ends and lasts until the dough is divided and preshaped. The name signifies exactly what it is: the step when the dough is fermenting in a large, single mass.

During this time, fermentation creates organic acids and carbon dioxide gases, each of which plays an important part in dough development. Organic acids are primarily what give the dough flavor and strength (acids help condition the gluten network) and carbon dioxide gives the dough volume and lightness.

While our friendly yeast and bacteria are doing most of this work, the dough still benefits from a periodic check-in by the baker. We help regulate dough temperature and strength through a series of folds, and these check-ins also give us an opportunity to assess how the dough is progressing.

Why stretch and fold?

Folding helps add strength to bread dough through a very simple series of actions: stretch the dough out and over itself. This act of stretching and folding, which takes just a few moments, helps develop the gluten network in the dough. Each fold has a significant impact on dough strength.

Through folding, we’re also helping to regulate dough temperature throughout the entire bulk mass. This ensures the dough’s temperature is relatively even throughout — no cool or warm spots at the top or bottom.

And finally, at each set, we have a chance to handle the dough and gain a firsthand assessment on how it’s developing: is the dough sluggish because it’s cool in the kitchen? This means we might need to extend bulk fermentation. Is it strong enough for preshaping or does it need another set of folds? By interacting with the dough in this way, we have an opportunity to answer these questions and adjust course as necessary.

When should I stretch and fold?

This process works best when you perform a quick series of folds and then let the dough rest. In the left-hand image below, you can see the dough bunched tightly in the center after performing a set of stretches and folds. In the right image, you can see it relaxed after a 30-minute rest, ready for another set of folds.

If you try to perform another set too soon, you’ll find the dough is too tight. It’ll be hard to stretch and may even tear. For most doughs, I find spacing out each set by 30 minutes (with the first set happening 30 minutes after the beginning of bulk fermentation) to be just right.

How to fold bread dough

There are many ways to fold bread dough, but my preference is to perform them directly in the bowl. First, get a small bowl filled with water and place it next to your bulk container. Dip your hands in the water before folding to prevent excessive sticking.

You will perform the same up-and-over motion four times, turning the bowl after each fold. As shown above, use two wet hands and grab the side of the dough farthest from you, then lift it up and over to the side nearest your body. Next, rotate your container 180°, wet your hands again if necessary, and perform the same stretch and fold. Next, rotate your container 90°. Grab the side of the dough farthest from you; once again stretch it up and over to the side of the container nearest your body. Rotate your bowl 180° and perform the same fold one final time.To finish the set, I like to gently pick the dough up in the center and let the ends fold under just a little. This helps keep the dough tidy in the middle.

When to end bulk fermentation?

Finding the exact point when to end bulk fermentation takes practice. With time, you’ll learn to read the signs of sufficient fermentation: dough strength, elasticity, smoothness, volume gain, and bubbly appearance.But making this call can be difficult. Cutting bulk fermentation short might mean your dough won’t be sufficiently fermented and you’ll head toward an under-proofed result. On the other hand, if you push bulk fermentation too far, your dough will be hard to handle and on the verge of over-proofing. There’s a balance to be found.Upper left: dough at the beginning of bulk fermentation. Upper right: dough before first stretch and fold. Lower left: dough before second stretch and fold. Lower right: dough at the end of bulk fermentation.

In the image above, see how it initially starts as a shaggy mass, but eventually rises significantly and becomes smooth, strong, and bubbly?At the end of bulk fermentation, I look for a dough that’s risen significantly and is much smoother than when bulk started. If you tug on the dough a little with a wet hand, you’ll feel resistance and elasticity.Additionally, look for liveliness. Gently shake the bowl and it’ll jiggle, letting you know there’s plenty of aeration in the dough. These are all great signs that the dough has fermented sufficiently and is strong enough to be divided.Strong fermentation, sufficient dough strength, ending bulk fermentation at the right time, and a full proof – these are all steps required for a wonderful loaf of bread. And as you develop a sense for how to execute on each of these, you’ll taste the difference in every bite.

Posted on by — Leave a reply

Cake flour vs. all-purpose flour: What’s the difference?

Cake flour vs. all-purpose flour: What’s the difference?

By: RedmanShop | January 13, 2025

“I want to make a recipe that calls for cake flour, but all I have is all-purpose flour. Can I substitute all-purpose for cake flour?”

If you’ve ever asked this question — to yourself or a friend — you’re not alone. Sometimes we just don’t have the flour a recipe calls for (and can’t bear another trip to the store), or maybe the store was out of stock. So how much does flour choice affect your baking?

The difference between cake flour and all-purpose flour

First, it helps to understand the difference between cake flour and all-purpose flour.

It all comes down to protein content. Every type of flour has a protein percentage, which reflects how much gluten-forming protein it contains. Because protein level correlates with gluten-forming potential, it’s helpful to think of it this way: the higher the protein content, the “stronger” the flour.

When making baked goods like bread, using a strong flour with high protein makes sense. The robust glutinous web that develops when the flour is combined with liquid results in bread with chewy, bouncy texture. But when making a cake, it’s the opposite: We want something with a soft, fine, and tender crumb. In order to get it, we want to discourage gluten development, and one way to do that is to choose a flour with a lower protein content (the other is to avoid overmixing, which further develops gluten, even if you are using cake flour).

Our unbleached cake flour has a protein content of 10%, while all-purpose flour has a protein content of 11.7%. The lower protein content in cake flour means it has less gluten-forming potential, making it better suited to cakes.

(And it’s not just for cake! Our Test Kitchen uses lower-protein cake flour to achieve a melt-in-your-mouth texture in cookies like these Fiori Thumbprint Meltaway Cookies, while these Lemon Sugar Crunch Buns include cake flour for a delicate crumb.)

How to substitute for cake flour

You can make your own cake flour substitute by combining all-purpose flour with a little bit of cornstarch. The cornstarch adds tenderness and lowers the overall protein content of the mixture to mimic that of cake flour.

How to make cake flour : Whisk together 3/4 cup + 2 tablespoons (105g) all-purpose flour and 2 tablespoons (14g) cornstarch. Use in place of cake flour in a recipe, substituting by equal weight or volume.

Can I substitute cake flour for all-purpose flour?

While it’s usually fine to substitute all-purpose flour for cake flour, the opposite isn’t true. “For those bakers out there thinking ‘flour is flour’ — no, it’s really not!” says Molly. She explains, “Subbing cake flour 1:1 into a recipe that was developed for all-purpose flour might result in sunken cake or bars, or cookies that are too delicate or simply fall apart.” That’s because the lower protein content in cake flour may not develop enough gluten or structure to support a baked good meant to be made with all-purpose flour.

To live up to its name, Tender White Cake is made with cake flour.

Start baking with cake flour

Ready to bake great cake? Pick up a box of cake flour and make some of our favorite cake flour recipes:

Posted on by — Leave a reply

How to assemble and frost a layer cake

How to assemble and frost a layer cake

By: RedmanShop | January 12, 2025

Frosting a cake can be intimidating, but if you break it down step-by-step, there’s nothing to fear. The right tools and techniques will guide you, taking you from naked layers to a frosted beauty without breaking a sweat. The key is to take your time and embrace imperfection. You’ve got this.

Patience makes perfect. Take the time to chill or freeze your baked layers before assembling the cake. The layers will be less fragile, and you’ll have more control and better results with frosting. While they’re chilling, line your serving plate with 2″ to 3″ wide strips of parchment paper.

Trim any dome from the top of the first layer so the cake is flat, then flip it over and place it on your serving plate cut side down.

Pipe a rope of frosting around the outside edge of the cake layer. Refrigerate for 15 minutes so it will become firm. This “dam” keeps frosting or filling from bulging out the side of the finished cake. After the dam sets, fill the top of the layer.

Trim the next layer and place it cut side down over the first. Chill the cake again, if it isn’t cool to the touch.
Smear a very thin coat of frosting on the sides and top of the cake.

This is called the crumb coat. It’s fine if it looks messy, and crumbs are showing through. Refrigerate the cake until you can touch the crumb coat without leaving a fingerprint, 20 to 30 minutes.

Once the crumb coat is firm, cover the top and sides of the cake with a finish coat of frosting. Gently remove the parchment paper strips. Decorate and embellish to your heart’s content.

Subscribe to our Newsletter Now

Get the latest recipes, products and classes available on RedManShop.